The demand for progressively higher microwave power levels is growing fast. In the past, traveling-wave tubes (TWTs) played a key role in constructing a wide range of microwave systems for various applications, such as radars, satellites, and wireless communication links. However, their poor resilience to degradation significantly affects system reliability. Meanwhile, TWT amplifiers (TWTAs) are expensive, bulky, and require a considerable warm-up time and high-dc voltage levels, especially in low-frequency bands [1], [2].

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Waveguides are essential components of many high-power microwave communication systems, such as radar systems, air traffic control systems, radio/TV broadcast systems, satellite communication systems, and base stations of mobile networks for transporting high microwave power from the source to the antenna through electromagnetic wave propagation. Apart from transporting microwave signals, waveguides are employed for realizing several microwave components, such as resonators, filters, power dividers/combiners, and directional couplers; for more details on the design and use of waveguide components, see [1], [2], [3], and [4].

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